{"id":13986,"date":"2024-10-13T16:06:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T14:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/?p=13986"},"modified":"2025-01-08T19:57:08","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T18:57:08","slug":"evolution-land-plants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/en\/evolution-land-plants\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution of land plants"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>In one of our (upcoming) podcasts, Ivonne wanders through the <a href=\"https:\/\/botanic-garden.bristol.ac.uk\/plant-collections-and-glasshouses\/evolution-collection\/evolution-of-land-plants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Evolution of Land Plants dell<\/a> in Bristol. After coming home, she refreshed her knowledge of plant evolution.<br>What are plant evolution highlights? This is an overview for the very keen and eager to learn plant enthousiasts \ud83d\ude09 Footnotes explain some common plant names in Dutch.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precambrian and Cambrian (487+ million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Precambrian period, the very first life forms evolved, but their world was inhospitable.<br>In the Cambrian, many animal groups appear to have evolved in a very short time.<br>In the seas, algae<sup data-fn=\"3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48-link\" href=\"#3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48\">1<\/a><\/sup> were developing increasingly complex forms. Algae is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic creatures. This evolution of algae would eventually lead to the evolution of land plants. So, land plants had aquatic ancestors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ordovician period (487-443 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Algae transitioned to life on land. They left fossilised spores behind. Early land plants are thought to have resembled living mosses (<em>Bryophyta<\/em>), liverworts (<em>Marchantiophyta<\/em>) or hornworts (<em>Anthocerotophyta<\/em>).<sup data-fn=\"d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275-link\" href=\"#d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275\">2<\/a><\/sup> These plants require damp habitats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Silurian (443-419 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this Silurian period, the non-vascular plants were very small. They had no leaves. Their only source of food came from their photosynthetic stems.<br>Then came the appearance of vascular plants. First fossils of land plants have been found, such as fossils from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cooksonia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cooksonia<\/a>, depicted in the top part of this blog. Cooksonia was a group of small vascular plants without leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Devonian period (419-359 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The flora diversified very quickly in the Devonian period. Diverse, expansive forests were developing.<br>Two important innovations made it easier for land plants to survive and spread:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>seeds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Carboniferous periode, plants were abundant and diverse. Imagine dense forests of plants, including giant horsetails<sup data-fn=\"6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a\" id=\"6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a-link\">3<\/a><\/sup> (<em>Equisetum<\/em>), early seed plants and tree ferns.<sup data-fn=\"79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86-link\" href=\"#79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86\">4<\/a><\/sup> <br>There were high levels of oxygen. This meant bigger animals could live on earth. But it also meant there were devastating wildfires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:25% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/221201-4-Small-tree-fern-400x800-1-300x600.jpg\" alt=\"Tree fern\" class=\"wp-image-13993 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/221201-4-Small-tree-fern-400x800-1-300x600.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/221201-4-Small-tree-fern-400x800-1-150x300.jpg 150w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/221201-4-Small-tree-fern-400x800-1.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Tree fern<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tree ferns are living representatives of ancient forest plants. They are tree-like ferns that grow with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level, making them trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There must have been hundreds of species. Many may have become extinct in the last century as a result of human intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many surviving tree ferns are members of one and the same order (<em>Cyatheales<\/em>). It is estimated that this order originated in the early Jurassic.<br>Depicted is a specimen in a London park.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Permian period (299-252 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Permian period, a global climate change occured. Forests were largely replaced by arid desert environments. Plants were more drought tolerant. Seed coats enabled seed plants to colonise seasonally dry environments. Spore producing plants could not do this succesfully. <em>Ginkgos <\/em>were an important plant of the flora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maidenhair tree<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The well-known living fossil <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ginkgo_biloba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">maidenhair tree<\/a><sup data-fn=\"b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca-link\" href=\"#b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca\">5<\/a><\/sup> (<em>Ginkgo biloba)<\/em> is the last living species in its order (<em>Ginkgoales<\/em>), which first appeared over 290 million years ago. Some specimens are claimed to be more than 2,500 years old.<br>Fossils very similar to the living species, belonging to the genus <em>Ginkgo<\/em>, extend back to approximately 170 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maidenhair trees are very durable. Why is that? They have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a high resistance to disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>insect-resistant wood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Triassic period (252-201 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:25% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/241230-Araucaria-araucana-2-400x800-1-300x600.jpg\" alt=\"Monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana)\" class=\"wp-image-14000 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/241230-Araucaria-araucana-2-400x800-1-300x600.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/241230-Araucaria-araucana-2-400x800-1-150x300.jpg 150w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/241230-Araucaria-araucana-2-400x800-1.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>At the end of the Permian, 85% of animal species had died out.<br>However, the existing trends in plant evolution continued.<br>The climate remained hot and arid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Monkey puzzle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conifers like the well-known monkey puzzle<sup data-fn=\"343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5-link\" href=\"#343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5\">6<\/a><\/sup> (<em>Araucaria araucana<\/em>, depicted) dominated forest landscapes.<br>Logging, forest fires, and grazing caused its population to dwindle.<br>The International Union for Conservation of Nature changed its conservation status to \u2018endangered\u2019 in 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:25% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-23-Evolution-Wollemia-nobili-400x800-1-300x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14002 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-23-Evolution-Wollemia-nobili-400x800-1-300x600.jpg 300w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-23-Evolution-Wollemia-nobili-400x800-1-150x300.jpg 150w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-23-Evolution-Wollemia-nobili-400x800-1.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Wollemi pine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wollemi pine<sup data-fn=\"28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b-link\" href=\"#28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b\">7<\/a><\/sup> (<em>Wollemia nobilis<\/em>, depicted) is another living fossil from the Triassic period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s not a pine!<br>In fact this tree is closely related to the monkey puzzle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The living plant was accidentally discovered in Australia in 1994!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jurassic period (201-143 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Jurassic period, much of the world experienced wetter, temperate conditions. Lush vegetation returned, feeding dinosaurs.<br>Conifers such as cypress (<em>Cupressus<\/em>) and yew<sup data-fn=\"50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9-link\" href=\"#50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9\">8<\/a><\/sup> (<em>Taxus<\/em>) continued to diversify. Ginkgos remained common in the northern hemisphere, including the UK.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seed ferns dominated the flora. A specific group of them, now extinct, were common and may have been ancestors of flowering plants.<br>Around 140 million years ago, the first flowering plants appeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cretaceous period (143-66 million years ago)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Cretaceous period saw diversification and spread of flowering plants. Conifers and ginkgos remained common. Early flowering plants are thought to have resembled magnolias. There was an evolution of bees, ants, butterflies, and other pollinators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Magnolias: nice to know fact<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The magnolia-like plants of the Cretaceous period were most likely pollinated by primitive wingless beetles. The magnolia flower reflects this with a hardened carpel to protect it from mandible damage. It has no nectar, as beetles were just interested in pollen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:25% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-06-Magnolia-stellata-Kobus-h-800x400-1.jpg\" alt=\"Magnolia stellata\" class=\"wp-image-13953 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-06-Magnolia-stellata-Kobus-h-800x400-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-06-Magnolia-stellata-Kobus-h-800x400-1-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/240311-Botanic-Garden-06-Magnolia-stellata-Kobus-h-800x400-1-768x384.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><br>Magnolia used to be prevalent in Europe before the Ice Age restricted it to South East Asia and North America where we see their native range today.<br>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/botanic-garden.bristol.ac.uk\/2021\/03\/08\/march-of-the-magnolias\/\">March of the Magnolias<\/a>, in The Garden Blog of the botanical garden<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cenozoic era (66 million years ago \u2013 now)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our current era, the Cenozoic, knew huge changes in animal life after an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period. Remarkably, plant life remained largely unchanged.<br>Climates began to become more arid, with more seasonal variability. Grasses thrived, and giant grazing mammals appeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common plant names in Dutch&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"10\" src=\"https:\/\/discutafel.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Nederlandse-vlag-20x10.jpg\" alt=\"Dutch flag\" class=\"wp-image-2752\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48\">algae = algen <a href=\"#3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275\">living mosses = bladmossen, liverworts = levermossen, hornworts = hauwmossen <a href=\"#d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a\">horsetail = paardenstaart<br>Field horsetail = heermoes (<em>Equisetum arvense<\/em>) can be a real nuisance in the garden <a href=\"#6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86\">tree fern = boomvaren <a href=\"#79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca\">maidenhair tree= Japanse notenboom, ginkgo <a href=\"#b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5\">monkey puzzle = slangenden, apenboom <a href=\"#343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b\">wollemia pine = wollemia <a href=\"#28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9\">yew = taxus, venijnboom <a href=\"#50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you want to enjoy the journey through time yourself?<br>Visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/botanic-garden.bristol.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">University of Bristol Botanic Garden<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An overview of land plant evolution for the very keen and eager to learn plant enthousiasts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14009,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"algae = algen\",\"id\":\"3f9c749b-b6e7-4380-acf9-d98b4aa59b48\"},{\"content\":\"living mosses = bladmossen, liverworts = levermossen, hornworts = hauwmossen\",\"id\":\"d99caa99-513b-46f8-a92f-ed6a1b9e4275\"},{\"content\":\"horsetail = paardenstaart<br>Field horsetail = heermoes (<em>Equisetum arvense<\/em>) can be a real nuisance in the garden\",\"id\":\"6c054d2b-b64c-4edd-9984-d2a001cd355a\"},{\"content\":\"tree fern = boomvaren\",\"id\":\"79924fbb-3cbe-4181-8549-b4c52071ff86\"},{\"content\":\"maidenhair tree= Japanse notenboom, ginkgo\",\"id\":\"b55c187a-eb8b-4590-b6c6-3d95e779dcca\"},{\"content\":\"monkey puzzle = slangenden, apenboom\",\"id\":\"343eb700-ad5b-4d38-acca-b3ddb7f177e5\"},{\"content\":\"wollemia pine = wollemia\",\"id\":\"28cd24a4-5b72-4471-af37-2e95af99058b\"},{\"content\":\"yew = taxus, venijnboom\",\"id\":\"50803b7e-5cb6-4445-97c2-2474ac83e6e9\"}]"},"categories":[188],"tags":[575,580,572],"class_list":["post-13986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-discuknowledge","tag-bristol","tag-evolution-of-land-plants","tag-university-of-bristol-botanic-garden"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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